50 Pertanyaan Interview SQL untuk Data Analyst (Dengan Jawaban)
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50 Pertanyaan Interview SQL untuk Data Analyst (Dengan Jawaban)

BimaBima
·18 Desember 2025·25 menit baca

Penulis

Bima

Bima

Founder & Data Professional

Bagikan

Terakhir diperbarui: 22 Desember 2025

TL;DR

50 soal interview SQL dibagi 3 level: 15 Basic (SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY), 20 Intermediate (JOIN, GROUP BY, Subquery), 15 Advanced (Window Functions, CTE, Optimization). Semua pakai konteks perusahaan tech Indonesia.

Kenapa Interview SQL Itu Penting?

Mau apply jadi Data Analyst, Data Scientist, atau Data Engineer di perusahaan tech Indonesia? SQL pasti jadi salah satu skill yang di-test. Hampir semua perusahaan kayak Gojek, Tokopedia, Shopee, Traveloka, dan startup lainnya punya technical interview SQL.

Aku udah compile 50 pertanyaan yang sering muncul di interview, dari pengalaman sendiri dan temen-temen yang udah kerja di berbagai perusahaan. Semua contoh pakai konteks bisnis Indonesia biar lebih relatable.

Gimana Cara Pakai Artikel Ini?

  1. Coba jawab dulu sebelum liat solusi
  2. Pahami logikanya, bukan cuma hafal query
  3. Praktek di SQL editor (DB Fiddle, NgulikSQL, atau local database)
  4. Ulangi yang salah sampai bener-bener paham

Dataset yang Dipakai

Untuk semua soal, kita pakai dataset e-commerce dengan 4 tabel:

Tabel: users

user_id nama kota tanggal_daftar
1 Budi Santoso Jakarta 2024-01-15
2 Siti Rahayu Bandung 2024-02-20
3 Andi Wijaya Surabaya 2024-01-10

Tabel: orders

order_id user_id total_amount order_date status
101 1 150000 2024-03-01 completed
102 1 250000 2024-03-15 completed
103 2 100000 2024-03-10 cancelled

Tabel: products

product_id nama_produk kategori harga
1 Kaos Polos Fashion 75000
2 Sepatu Sneakers Fashion 450000
3 Headphone Elektronik 250000

Tabel: order_items

id order_id product_id quantity price
1 101 1 2 75000
2 101 3 1 250000
3 102 2 1 450000

Level 1: Basic (15 Pertanyaan)

Soal 1: SELECT Semua Data

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan semua data dari tabel users.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM users;
**Penjelasan:** `SELECT *` artinya ambil semua kolom. Tapi di production, lebih baik sebutin kolom yang dibutuhkan aja.

Soal 2: SELECT Kolom Tertentu

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan nama dan kota dari semua users.

Jawaban 
SELECT nama, kota FROM users;

Soal 3: WHERE dengan Kondisi Equals

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan semua users yang tinggal di Jakarta.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM users WHERE kota = 'Jakarta';

Soal 4: WHERE dengan Multiple Conditions

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan orders yang statusnya 'completed' DAN total_amount lebih dari 200000.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE status = 'completed' AND total_amount > 200000;

Soal 5: ORDER BY

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan semua products, urutkan dari harga termahal.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM products ORDER BY harga DESC;
**Penjelasan:** `DESC` = descending (besar ke kecil). Default-nya `ASC` (kecil ke besar).

Soal 6: LIMIT

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan 5 orders terbaru.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM orders ORDER BY order_date DESC LIMIT 5;

Soal 7: DISTINCT

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan daftar kota unik dari tabel users.

Jawaban 
SELECT DISTINCT kota FROM users;

Soal 8: IN Operator

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan users yang tinggal di Jakarta atau Bandung.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM users WHERE kota IN ('Jakarta', 'Bandung');
**Alternatif:** 
SELECT * FROM users WHERE kota = 'Jakarta' OR kota = 'Bandung';

Soal 9: BETWEEN

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan products dengan harga antara 100000 dan 300000.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM products WHERE harga BETWEEN 100000 AND 300000;
**Note:** BETWEEN itu inclusive (termasuk batas atas dan bawah).

Soal 10: LIKE Pattern Matching

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan users yang namanya diawali huruf 'S'.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM users WHERE nama LIKE 'S%';
**Penjelasan:** `%` artinya karakter apapun, berapapun jumlahnya.

Soal 11: NULL Handling

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan orders yang statusnya NULL.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM orders WHERE status IS NULL;
**Jebakan:** `WHERE status = NULL` ga akan work. Harus pakai `IS NULL`.

Soal 12: COUNT

Pertanyaan: Hitung jumlah total users.

Jawaban 
SELECT COUNT(*) AS total_users FROM users;

Soal 13: SUM

Pertanyaan: Hitung total revenue dari semua orders yang completed.

Jawaban 
SELECT SUM(total_amount) AS total_revenue
FROM orders
WHERE status = 'completed';

Soal 14: AVG

Pertanyaan: Hitung rata-rata harga produk.

Jawaban 
SELECT AVG(harga) AS rata_rata_harga FROM products;

Soal 15: Alias

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan nama user dan kota, dengan nama kolom "Nama Lengkap" dan "Domisili".

Jawaban 
SELECT
    nama AS "Nama Lengkap",
    kota AS "Domisili"
FROM users;

Level 2: Intermediate (20 Pertanyaan)

Soal 16: INNER JOIN

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan nama user beserta order_id dan total_amount dari orders mereka.

Jawaban 
SELECT u.nama, o.order_id, o.total_amount
FROM users u
INNER JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id;

Soal 17: LEFT JOIN

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan semua users beserta orders mereka (termasuk user yang belum pernah order).

Jawaban 
SELECT u.nama, o.order_id, o.total_amount
FROM users u
LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id;

Soal 18: JOIN dengan Filter

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan nama user dan total order mereka, hanya untuk orders yang completed.

Jawaban 
SELECT u.nama, o.order_id, o.total_amount
FROM users u
INNER JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id
WHERE o.status = 'completed';

Soal 19: Multiple JOINs

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan order_id, nama user, nama produk, dan quantity untuk setiap item yang diorder.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    o.order_id,
    u.nama AS nama_user,
    p.nama_produk,
    oi.quantity
FROM orders o
INNER JOIN users u ON o.user_id = u.user_id
INNER JOIN order_items oi ON o.order_id = oi.order_id
INNER JOIN products p ON oi.product_id = p.product_id;

Soal 20: GROUP BY Basic

Pertanyaan: Hitung jumlah orders per user.

Jawaban 
SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) AS jumlah_order
FROM orders
GROUP BY user_id;

Soal 21: GROUP BY dengan JOIN

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan nama user dan total spending mereka.

Jawaban 
SELECT u.nama, SUM(o.total_amount) AS total_spending
FROM users u
INNER JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id
WHERE o.status = 'completed'
GROUP BY u.user_id, u.nama;

Soal 22: HAVING

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan user yang punya total spending lebih dari 200000.

Jawaban 
SELECT u.nama, SUM(o.total_amount) AS total_spending
FROM users u
INNER JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id
WHERE o.status = 'completed'
GROUP BY u.user_id, u.nama
HAVING SUM(o.total_amount) > 200000;
**Penjelasan:** `WHERE` filter sebelum GROUP BY, `HAVING` filter setelah GROUP BY.

Soal 23: Subquery di WHERE

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan users yang pernah order dengan total_amount di atas rata-rata.

Jawaban 
SELECT DISTINCT u.nama
FROM users u
INNER JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id
WHERE o.total_amount > (SELECT AVG(total_amount) FROM orders);

Soal 24: Subquery di FROM

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan rata-rata jumlah order per user.

Jawaban 
SELECT AVG(order_count) AS avg_orders_per_user
FROM (
    SELECT user_id, COUNT(*) AS order_count
    FROM orders
    GROUP BY user_id
) AS user_orders;

Soal 25: CASE WHEN

Pertanyaan: Kategorikan users berdasarkan total spending: 'Bronze' (<100k), 'Silver' (100k-300k), 'Gold' (>300k).

Jawaban 
SELECT
    u.nama,
    SUM(o.total_amount) AS total_spending,
    CASE
        WHEN SUM(o.total_amount) < 100000 THEN 'Bronze'
        WHEN SUM(o.total_amount) BETWEEN 100000 AND 300000 THEN 'Silver'
        ELSE 'Gold'
    END AS tier
FROM users u
LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id AND o.status = 'completed'
GROUP BY u.user_id, u.nama;

Soal 26: Date Functions

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan orders yang terjadi di bulan Maret 2024.

Jawaban 
-- PostgreSQL
SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE EXTRACT(MONTH FROM order_date) = 3
AND EXTRACT(YEAR FROM order_date) = 2024;

-- MySQL
SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE MONTH(order_date) = 3 AND YEAR(order_date) = 2024;

-- Alternatif universal
SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE order_date >= '2024-03-01' AND order_date < '2024-04-01';

Soal 27: COALESCE

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan nama user dan total spending, ganti NULL dengan 0.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    u.nama,
    COALESCE(SUM(o.total_amount), 0) AS total_spending
FROM users u
LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id AND o.status = 'completed'
GROUP BY u.user_id, u.nama;

Soal 28: Self JOIN

Pertanyaan: Cari pasangan produk yang harganya sama.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    p1.nama_produk AS produk_1,
    p2.nama_produk AS produk_2,
    p1.harga
FROM products p1
INNER JOIN products p2 ON p1.harga = p2.harga
WHERE p1.product_id < p2.product_id;
**Penjelasan:** `p1.product_id < p2.product_id` biar ga ada duplikat pasangan.

Soal 29: UNION

Pertanyaan: Gabungkan daftar nama user dan nama produk dalam satu kolom.

Jawaban 
SELECT nama AS nama, 'user' AS tipe FROM users
UNION
SELECT nama_produk AS nama, 'produk' AS tipe FROM products;
**Penjelasan:** `UNION` menghilangkan duplikat. Pakai `UNION ALL` kalau mau keep duplikat.

Soal 30: EXISTS

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan users yang pernah melakukan order.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM users u
WHERE EXISTS (
    SELECT 1 FROM orders o WHERE o.user_id = u.user_id
);

Soal 31: NOT IN

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan users yang BELUM pernah order.

Jawaban 
SELECT * FROM users
WHERE user_id NOT IN (SELECT DISTINCT user_id FROM orders);
**Alternatif dengan LEFT JOIN:** 
SELECT u.* FROM users u
LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id
WHERE o.order_id IS NULL;

Soal 32: String Functions

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan nama user dalam huruf kapital dan 3 huruf pertama kotanya.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    UPPER(nama) AS nama_kapital,
    LEFT(kota, 3) AS kode_kota
FROM users;

Soal 33: Hitung Selisih Tanggal

Pertanyaan: Hitung berapa hari sejak user mendaftar sampai order pertama mereka.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    u.nama,
    u.tanggal_daftar,
    MIN(o.order_date) AS first_order,
    MIN(o.order_date) - u.tanggal_daftar AS days_to_first_order
FROM users u
INNER JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id
GROUP BY u.user_id, u.nama, u.tanggal_daftar;

Soal 34: Persentase

Pertanyaan: Hitung persentase orders yang completed vs total orders.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    ROUND(
        COUNT(CASE WHEN status = 'completed' THEN 1 END) * 100.0 / COUNT(*),
        2
    ) AS completion_rate
FROM orders;

Soal 35: Top N per Group

Pertanyaan: Tampilkan produk termahal di setiap kategori.

Jawaban 
SELECT p1.*
FROM products p1
WHERE p1.harga = (
    SELECT MAX(p2.harga)
    FROM products p2
    WHERE p2.kategori = p1.kategori
);

Level 3: Advanced (15 Pertanyaan)

Soal 36: Window Function - ROW_NUMBER

Pertanyaan: Beri ranking users berdasarkan total spending mereka.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    u.nama,
    SUM(o.total_amount) AS total_spending,
    ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY SUM(o.total_amount) DESC) AS ranking
FROM users u
INNER JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id
WHERE o.status = 'completed'
GROUP BY u.user_id, u.nama;

Soal 37: RANK vs DENSE_RANK

Pertanyaan: Beri ranking produk berdasarkan harga. Jelaskan perbedaan RANK dan DENSE_RANK.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    nama_produk,
    harga,
    RANK() OVER (ORDER BY harga DESC) AS rank_biasa,
    DENSE_RANK() OVER (ORDER BY harga DESC) AS dense_rank
FROM products;
**Penjelasan:** - RANK: Kalau ada tie, ranking selanjutnya loncat. Misal: 1, 2, 2, 4 - DENSE_RANK: Kalau ada tie, ranking selanjutnya tetap berurutan. Misal: 1, 2, 2, 3

Soal 38: LAG dan LEAD

Pertanyaan: Untuk setiap order, tampilkan total_amount order sebelumnya dari user yang sama.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    user_id,
    order_id,
    order_date,
    total_amount,
    LAG(total_amount) OVER (PARTITION BY user_id ORDER BY order_date) AS prev_order_amount
FROM orders;

Soal 39: Running Total

Pertanyaan: Hitung running total revenue per tanggal.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    order_date,
    total_amount,
    SUM(total_amount) OVER (ORDER BY order_date) AS running_total
FROM orders
WHERE status = 'completed';

Soal 40: Moving Average

Pertanyaan: Hitung 3-day moving average dari daily revenue.

Jawaban 
WITH daily_revenue AS (
    SELECT
        order_date,
        SUM(total_amount) AS revenue
    FROM orders
    WHERE status = 'completed'
    GROUP BY order_date
)
SELECT
    order_date,
    revenue,
    AVG(revenue) OVER (
        ORDER BY order_date
        ROWS BETWEEN 2 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW
    ) AS moving_avg_3day
FROM daily_revenue;

Soal 41: CTE (Common Table Expression)

Pertanyaan: Gunakan CTE untuk mencari users dengan spending di atas rata-rata.

Jawaban 
WITH user_spending AS (
    SELECT
        u.user_id,
        u.nama,
        SUM(o.total_amount) AS total_spending
    FROM users u
    INNER JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id
    WHERE o.status = 'completed'
    GROUP BY u.user_id, u.nama
),
avg_spending AS (
    SELECT AVG(total_spending) AS avg_spend FROM user_spending
)
SELECT us.*
FROM user_spending us, avg_spending
WHERE us.total_spending > avg_spending.avg_spend;

Soal 42: Recursive CTE

Pertanyaan: Generate deret angka 1 sampai 10 menggunakan Recursive CTE.

Jawaban 
WITH RECURSIVE numbers AS (
    SELECT 1 AS n
    UNION ALL
    SELECT n + 1 FROM numbers WHERE n < 10
)
SELECT * FROM numbers;

Soal 43: Cohort Analysis - Month-over-Month Retention

Pertanyaan: Hitung retention rate user berdasarkan bulan registrasi.

Jawaban 
WITH user_cohort AS (
    SELECT
        user_id,
        DATE_TRUNC('month', tanggal_daftar) AS cohort_month
    FROM users
),
user_activity AS (
    SELECT
        o.user_id,
        DATE_TRUNC('month', o.order_date) AS activity_month
    FROM orders o
)
SELECT
    uc.cohort_month,
    ua.activity_month,
    COUNT(DISTINCT uc.user_id) AS users
FROM user_cohort uc
LEFT JOIN user_activity ua ON uc.user_id = ua.user_id
GROUP BY uc.cohort_month, ua.activity_month
ORDER BY uc.cohort_month, ua.activity_month;

Soal 44: Pivot Table

Pertanyaan: Buat pivot table: baris = kategori, kolom = bulan, value = total penjualan.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    p.kategori,
    SUM(CASE WHEN EXTRACT(MONTH FROM o.order_date) = 1 THEN oi.quantity * oi.price ELSE 0 END) AS jan,
    SUM(CASE WHEN EXTRACT(MONTH FROM o.order_date) = 2 THEN oi.quantity * oi.price ELSE 0 END) AS feb,
    SUM(CASE WHEN EXTRACT(MONTH FROM o.order_date) = 3 THEN oi.quantity * oi.price ELSE 0 END) AS mar
FROM products p
LEFT JOIN order_items oi ON p.product_id = oi.product_id
LEFT JOIN orders o ON oi.order_id = o.order_id
GROUP BY p.kategori;

Soal 45: Funnel Analysis

Pertanyaan: Hitung conversion rate dari user daftar → order pertama → order kedua.

Jawaban 
WITH user_orders AS (
    SELECT
        user_id,
        COUNT(*) AS order_count
    FROM orders
    GROUP BY user_id
)
SELECT
    COUNT(DISTINCT u.user_id) AS total_users,
    COUNT(DISTINCT uo.user_id) AS users_with_order,
    COUNT(DISTINCT CASE WHEN uo.order_count >= 2 THEN uo.user_id END) AS users_with_2_orders,
    ROUND(COUNT(DISTINCT uo.user_id) * 100.0 / COUNT(DISTINCT u.user_id), 2) AS conv_to_first_order,
    ROUND(COUNT(DISTINCT CASE WHEN uo.order_count >= 2 THEN uo.user_id END) * 100.0 / COUNT(DISTINCT uo.user_id), 2) AS conv_to_second_order
FROM users u
LEFT JOIN user_orders uo ON u.user_id = uo.user_id;

Soal 46: Duplicate Detection

Pertanyaan: Cari user yang punya email duplikat (asumsikan ada kolom email).

Jawaban 
SELECT email, COUNT(*) AS count
FROM users
GROUP BY email
HAVING COUNT(*) > 1;
**Untuk lihat detail row-nya:** 
SELECT * FROM users
WHERE email IN (
    SELECT email FROM users GROUP BY email HAVING COUNT(*) > 1
);

Soal 47: Gap and Islands

Pertanyaan: Identifikasi periode consecutive days dimana ada order.

Jawaban 
WITH dated_orders AS (
    SELECT DISTINCT order_date,
        order_date - ROW_NUMBER() OVER (ORDER BY order_date) * INTERVAL '1 day' AS grp
    FROM orders
)
SELECT
    MIN(order_date) AS start_date,
    MAX(order_date) AS end_date,
    COUNT(*) AS consecutive_days
FROM dated_orders
GROUP BY grp
ORDER BY start_date;

Soal 48: Query Optimization

Pertanyaan: Query ini lambat. Gimana cara optimize-nya?

SELECT * FROM orders
WHERE YEAR(order_date) = 2024 AND user_id IN (SELECT user_id FROM users WHERE kota = 'Jakarta');
Jawaban 
-- Optimized version
SELECT o.*
FROM orders o
INNER JOIN users u ON o.user_id = u.user_id
WHERE o.order_date >= '2024-01-01'
  AND o.order_date < '2025-01-01'
  AND u.kota = 'Jakarta';
**Tips optimasi:** 1. Hindari function di kolom (YEAR(order_date)) karena ga bisa pakai index 2. Ganti subquery dengan JOIN kalau memungkinkan 3. Pastikan ada index di kolom yang sering di-filter

Soal 49: EXPLAIN Query

Pertanyaan: Apa yang dilihat dari EXPLAIN dan gimana interpretasinya?

Jawaban 
EXPLAIN SELECT * FROM orders WHERE user_id = 1;
**Yang perlu diperhatikan:** - **Seq Scan** = Full table scan, lambat untuk tabel besar - **Index Scan** = Pakai index, lebih cepat - **Rows** = Estimasi jumlah baris yang di-scan - **Cost** = Estimasi biaya query (lower = better) **Red flags:** - Seq Scan di tabel besar - Cost yang tinggi - Rows yang jauh lebih besar dari yang di-return

Soal 50: Conditional Aggregation Complex

Pertanyaan: Untuk setiap user, hitung: total orders, completed orders, cancelled orders, completion rate, dan average order value.

Jawaban 
SELECT
    u.nama,
    COUNT(o.order_id) AS total_orders,
    COUNT(CASE WHEN o.status = 'completed' THEN 1 END) AS completed_orders,
    COUNT(CASE WHEN o.status = 'cancelled' THEN 1 END) AS cancelled_orders,
    ROUND(
        COUNT(CASE WHEN o.status = 'completed' THEN 1 END) * 100.0 / NULLIF(COUNT(o.order_id), 0),
        2
    ) AS completion_rate,
    ROUND(AVG(CASE WHEN o.status = 'completed' THEN o.total_amount END), 0) AS avg_order_value
FROM users u
LEFT JOIN orders o ON u.user_id = o.user_id
GROUP BY u.user_id, u.nama
ORDER BY total_orders DESC;

Tips Menghadapi Interview SQL

Sebelum Interview

  1. Latihan rutin - Minimal 30 menit sehari di platform kayak NgulikSQL, DataLemur, atau LeetCode
  2. Pahami fundamentals - JOIN, GROUP BY, Window Functions, CTE
  3. Pelajari database yang dipake - PostgreSQL, MySQL, atau BigQuery punya syntax yang beda-beda

Saat Interview

  1. Clarify requirements - Tanya kalau ada yang ga jelas
  2. Think out loud - Interviewer mau liat proses thinking kamu
  3. Start simple - Bikin query basic dulu, baru optimize
  4. Test with edge cases - NULL values, empty results, duplicates

Red Flags yang Harus Dihindari

  1. SELECT * - Sebutin kolom yang dibutuhkan aja
  2. Ga pakai alias - Query jadi susah dibaca
  3. Cartesian product - Lupa ON clause di JOIN
  4. Ga handle NULL - Pakai COALESCE atau IS NULL

Key Takeaways

  1. Basic (Level 1) fokus ke SELECT, WHERE, ORDER BY, dan aggregate functions. Ini fondasi yang wajib dikuasai.

  2. Intermediate (Level 2) fokus ke JOIN, GROUP BY, HAVING, dan subquery. Di sini mulai bisa analisis data yang lebih kompleks.

  3. Advanced (Level 3) fokus ke Window Functions, CTE, dan optimization. Ini yang membedakan junior dan senior.

  4. Praktek > Teori - Ga cukup baca doang, harus coba sendiri.

  5. Pahami bisnis - Query yang bagus adalah query yang menjawab pertanyaan bisnis dengan efisien.

Selanjutnya

Kalau udah paham 50 soal ini, next step-nya:
- Window Functions SQL: ROW_NUMBER, RANK, DENSE_RANK
- Common Table Expression (CTE) di SQL
- Cohort Analysis dengan SQL

Latihan Lebih Lanjut

Mau latihan lebih? Cek NgulikSQL buat soal-soal dengan konteks Indonesia. Atau join komunitas Discord kita buat diskusi dan tanya jawab.

Good luck buat interview-nya! Kamu pasti bisa.

Happy querying!

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Founder & Data Professional

Founder Ngulik Data. Passionate about making data analysis accessible for everyone.

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